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No active extraction maps – Golden Gate STATS command, what’s that ?

Posted by FatDBA on April 8, 2018

Hey Mates,

Not sure if you guys have ever encountered a situation where you’ve got a return message “No active extraction maps” from Golden Gate STATS command against your Golden Gate process.
For GG newcomers, STATS command is used to display statistics for one or more Extract,Pump/Replicat groups and the output includes DML and DDL operations that are included in the Oracle GoldenGate configuration.

Now coming back to the error scenario. Let’s see where we got that message and what does that means.

GGSCI (rac1.localdomain as ggadmin1@dixitdb1) 20> info all

Program     Status      Group       Lag at Chkpt  Time Since Chkpt
MANAGER     RUNNING
EXTRACT     RUNNING     GGTUNEX1    00:00:03      00:00:08
EXTRACT     RUNNING     GGTUNPU1    00:00:00      00:00:01
REPLICAT    RUNNING     GGTUNRP1    00:00:00      00:00:03

Now when i tried to check statistics for my processes, we’ve got a message which says that there are “No active extraction maps”

GGSCI (rac1.localdomain as ggadmin1@dixitdb1) 18> stats GGTUNPU1

Sending STATS request to EXTRACT GGTUNPU1 ...
No active extraction maps.

GGSCI (rac1.localdomain as ggadmin1@dixitdb1) 22> stats GGTUNPU1

Sending STATS request to EXTRACT GGTUNPU1 ...
No active extraction maps.

So what does that means ??
The message that is displayed indicates that nothing has been processed in the extract or replicat. Once data for the tables in the extract and replicat are processed (captured from or applied to DB) the STATS command produces processing statistics.

Let me try to do some manipulations at the source table which is part of replication and see if this brings something to STATS results.

SQL> update emp set ENAME='KARTIKEY' where EMPNO=8090;
1 row updated.

SQL> commit;
Commit complete.

Let’s try now.

GGSCI (rac1.localdomain as ggadmin1@dixitdb1) 43> stats GGTUNEX1

Sending STATS request to EXTRACT GGTUNEX1 ...

Start of Statistics at 2018-04-05 04:03:08.

Output to /acfsmounts/acfsggv1/ggdir/dirdat/s1:
Extracting from SCOTT.EMP to SCOTT.EMP:

*** Total statistics since 2018-04-05 03:59:38 ***
        Total inserts                                      0.00
        Total updates                                      1.00
        Total deletes                                      0.00
        Total discards                                     0.00
        Total operations                                   1.00

*** Daily statistics since 2018-04-05 03:59:38 ***
        Total inserts                                      0.00
        Total updates                                      1.00
        Total deletes                                      0.00
        Total discards                                     0.00
        Total operations                                   1.00

*** Hourly statistics since 2018-04-05 03:59:38 ***
        Total inserts                                      0.00
        Total updates                                      1.00
        Total deletes                                      0.00
        Total discards                                     0.00
        Total operations                                   1.00

*** Latest statistics since 2018-04-05 03:59:38 ***
        Total inserts                                      0.00
        Total updates                                      1.00
        Total deletes                                      0.00
        Total discards                                     0.00
        Total operations                                   1.00

End of Statistics.

Yup, we’ve got stats for the process now after the change.

Hope It Helps
Prashant

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Convert Standard ASM to Flex ASM.

Posted by FatDBA on March 15, 2018

Hi Mates,

Okay, you have an ASM instance crashed and at the same time the db instance failed on the instance … Expected behavior and many of us have faced this scenario in production RAC setups.
Answer to the question is ‘Flex ASM’ which provides us with something that was previously unattainable: the ability to run multiple, independent in cardinality, ASM instances. You can think of it what SCAN is to Database 11gR2.

Its been a while we have the Flex ASM available for 12c users, now the question – How to convert a Non-Flex ASM setup to Flex enabled ASM.
Below is the method to it, i performed a POC for one of the customer some time back and here are the steps.

Configuration:
RHEL 6, 64 Bit
2 Node 12cR1 RAC setup.
Hostname: rac1, rac2.
DB Instances: dixitdb1, dixitdb2

Let’s first check the network information of the cluster, the network interfaces and their IPv4 addresses, you can collect this info using oifcfg tool.

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ oifcfg getif
eth0  192.168.56.0  global  public
eth1  192.168.10.0  global  cluster_interconnect
[oracle@rac1 ~]$

Next lets check the ASM information and current mode.

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ srvctl status asm
ASM is running on rac1,rac2

[oracle@rac1 ~]$  srvctl config asm
ASM home: 
Password file: +DATA/orapwASM
ASM listener: LISTENER

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ asmcmd showclustermode
ASM cluster : Flex mode disabled
[oracle@rac1 ~]$

Okay, now lets do the conversion, we will be doing the silent conversion. You can use the ASMCA GUIas well to do the same.
Here used 192.168.10.0 as the IP and a free port for ASM LISTENER, we will use 1526 port here for listening all requests.

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ asmca -silent -convertToFlexASM -asmNetworks eth1/192.168.10.0 -asmListenerPort 1526

To complete ASM conversion, run the following script as privileged user in local node.
/u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/asmca/scripts/converttoFlexASM.sh

Okay, so the last step generated an auto script which needs to be executed from root to do the real work. This will bounce all RAC components one by one on each node. By the end of the step we will have a new LISTENER exclusively created for the ASM instance and both of the two instances (ASM1, ASM2) will be registered with it.

[oracle@rac1 ~]$ su - root
Password:
[root@rac1 ~]# /u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/asmca/scripts/converttoFlexASM.sh
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.crsd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2790: Starting shutdown of Cluster Ready Services-managed resources on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cvu' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.DATA.dg' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.dixitdb.db' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.FRA.dg' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cvu' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cvu' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.DATA.dg' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.FRA.dg' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cvu' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.rac1.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.dixitdb.db' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.rac1.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.rac1.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.rac1.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.ons' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.ons' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.net1.network' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.net1.network' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2792: Shutdown of Cluster Ready Services-managed resources on 'rac1' has completed
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.crsd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.evmd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.storage' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.storage' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.asm' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.evmd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.asm' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cssd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cssd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.evmd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cssdmonitor' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cssdmonitor' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cssd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.diskmon' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.diskmon' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.evmd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cssd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.asm' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.asm' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.storage' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.storage' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.crsd' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.crsd' on 'rac1' succeeded
Oracle Grid Infrastructure restarted in node rac1
PRCC-1014 : ASMNET1LSNR_ASM was already running
PRCR-1004 : Resource ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr is already running
PRCR-1079 : Failed to start resource ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr
CRS-5702: Resource 'ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr' is already running on 'rac1'
CRS-5702: Resource 'ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr' is already running on 'rac2'
ASM listener ASMNET1LSNR_ASM running already
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.crsd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2790: Starting shutdown of Cluster Ready Services-managed resources on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cvu' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.dixitdb.db' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cvu' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cvu' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cvu' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.dixitdb.db' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.LISTENER.lsnr' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.rac2.vip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.scan3.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.rac2.vip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.rac2.vip' on 'rac1'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac1'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.scan2.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.rac2.vip' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN3.lsnr' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.MGMTLSNR' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.LISTENER_SCAN2.lsnr' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac1'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.mgmtdb' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.FRA.dg' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.DATA.dg' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.FRA.dg' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.DATA.dg' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.oc4j' on 'rac1' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.ons' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.ons' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.net1.network' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.net1.network' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2792: Shutdown of Cluster Ready Services-managed resources on 'rac2' has completed
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.crsd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.evmd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.storage' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.storage' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.asm' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.evmd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.asm' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2673: Attempting to stop 'ora.cssd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2677: Stop of 'ora.cssd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cssdmonitor' on 'rac2'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.evmd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cssdmonitor' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cssd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.diskmon' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.diskmon' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.evmd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cssd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.ctssd' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.cluster_interconnect.haip' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.asm' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.asm' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.storage' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.storage' on 'rac2' succeeded
CRS-2672: Attempting to start 'ora.crsd' on 'rac2'
CRS-2676: Start of 'ora.crsd' on 'rac2' succeeded
Oracle Grid Infrastructure restarted in node rac2
[root@rac1 ~]#

Okay, so it is done with the reboot of clusterware components and back to the prompt.
Let’s verify if it has been done or not …

[root@rac1 ~]# srvctl status asm
ASM is running on rac1,rac2

[root@rac1 ~]# asmcmd showclustermode
ASM cluster : Flex mode enabled           >>>> Flex Mode is ON now.

[root@rac1 ~]#  srvctl config asm
ASM home: 
Password file: +DATA/orapwASM
ASM listener: LISTENER
ASM instance count: ALL
Cluster ASM listener: ASMNET1LSNR_ASM

And we have a new LISTENER named ‘ASMNET1LSNR_ASM’ created for ASM.

[root@rac2 ~]# crsctl stat res -t
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name           Target  State        Server                   State details
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ora.ASMNET1LSNR_ASM.lsnr
               ONLINE  ONLINE       rac1                     STABLE
               ONLINE  ONLINE       rac2                     STABLE


[root@rac1 ~]# ps -ef|grep tns
root        10     2  0 15:59 ?        00:00:00 [netns]
oracle   22167     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/bin/tnslsnr ASMNET1LSNR_ASM -no_crs_notify -inherit
oracle   22291     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER -no_crs_notify -inherit
oracle   22532     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER_SCAN3 -no_crs_notify -inherit
oracle   22535     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/bin/tnslsnr MGMTLSNR -no_crs_notify -inherit
oracle   22544     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/bin/tnslsnr LISTENER_SCAN2 -no_crs_notify -inherit
root     30044 19089  0 18:52 pts/1    00:00:00 grep tns

[root@rac1 ~]# ps -ef|grep pmon
oracle   21494     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 asm_pmon_+ASM1
oracle   22439     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 ora_pmon_dixitdb1
oracle   22839     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 mdb_pmon_-MGMTDB
root     30089 19089  0 18:52 pts/1    00:00:00 grep pmon
[root@rac1 ~]#


[root@rac1 ~]# lsnrctl status ASMNET1LSNR_ASM

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on 13-MAR-2018 18:54:09

Copyright (c) 1991, 2014, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=ASMNET1LSNR_ASM)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     ASMNET1LSNR_ASM
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.1.0.2.0 - Production
Start Date                13-MAR-2018 18:46:25
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 7 min. 43 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/12.1.0/grid_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/rac1/asmnet1lsnr_asm/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=ASMNET1LSNR_ASM)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.10.1)(PORT=1526)))
Services Summary...
Service "+ASM" has 2 instance(s).
  Instance "+ASM1", status READY, has 2 handler(s) for this service...
  Instance "+ASM2", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[root@rac1 ~]#


[root@rac1 ~]# srvctl config listener -l ASMNET1LSNR_ASM
Name: ASMNET1LSNR_ASM
Type: ASM Listener
Owner: oracle
Subnet: 192.168.10.0
Home: 
End points: TCP:1526
Listener is enabled.
Listener is individually enabled on nodes:
Listener is individually disabled on nodes:

[root@rac1 ~]# srvctl status listener -l ASMNET1LSNR_ASM
Listener ASMNET1LSNR_ASM is enabled
Listener ASMNET1LSNR_ASM is running on node(s): rac1,rac2

Let’s do some testing, i will here try to stop one of the ASM instance (+ASM1) on Node1 and will see if the DB Instance still alive and listens to requests.

[root@rac1 ~]# srvctl status database -db dixitdb -f -v
Instance dixitdb1 is running on node rac1. Instance status: Open.
Instance dixitdb2 is running on node rac2. Instance status: Open.

[root@rac1 ~]# srvctl modify asm -count 1
PRCA-1123 : The specified ASM cardinality 1 is less than the minimum cardinality of 2.

Well, this is an expected error because we are running on a 2 Node RAC and Flex ASM (Same as SCAN Listeners) needs at-least 2 Instance up and running which is not possible here in my case. But i will now kill the asm instance manually (Killing the PMON)

[root@rac1 ~]# ps -ef|grep pmon
root      4167  4142  0 19:41 pts/1    00:00:00 grep pmon
oracle   21494     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 asm_pmon_+ASM1
oracle   22439     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 ora_pmon_dixitdb1
oracle   22839     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 mdb_pmon_-MGMTDB

[root@rac1 ~]# kill -9 21494
[root@rac1 ~]#  ps -ef|grep pmon
root      4200  4142  0 19:42 pts/1    00:00:00 grep pmon
oracle   22439     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 ora_pmon_dixitdb1
oracle   22839     1  0 18:46 ?        00:00:00 mdb_pmon_-MGMTDB

Next, let’s see the ASM client connections info on avaialble instance (+ASM2)

SQL> select GROUP_NUMBER, DB_NAME, STATUS, INSTANCE_NAME from  v$asm_client;

GROUP_NUMBER DB_NAME  STATUS       INSTANCE_NAME
------------ -------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
           1 +ASM     CONNECTED    +ASM2
           2 +ASM     CONNECTED    +ASM2
           1 dixitdb  CONNECTED    dixitdb1
           2 dixitdb  CONNECTED    dixitdb1
           1 dixitdb  CONNECTED    dixitdb2
           2 dixitdb  CONNECTED    dixitdb2
           1 _mgmtdb  CONNECTED    -MGMTDB

7 rows selected.

And we have the Instance 1 (dixitdb1) connected with the +ASM2 instance, as +ASM1 is crashed/dead.
It’s listening all requests via ASM LISTENER, same can be verified or checked in asm listener logs.

13-MAR-2018 19:47:10 * (CONNECT_DATA=(CID=(PROGRAM=)(HOST=rac2.localdomain)(USER=oracle))(COMMAND=status)(ARGUMENTS=64)(SERVICE=ASMNET1LSNR_ASM)(VERSION=202375680)) * status * 0
13-MAR-2018 19:47:14 * (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=+ASM)(INSTANCE_NAME=+ASM2)(CID=(PROGRAM=oracle)(HOST=rac1.localdomain)(USER=oracle))) * (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.10.1)(PORT=39062)) * establish * +ASM * 0

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Advanced | Tagged: , | Leave a Comment »

Oracle DB Security Assessment Tool (DBSAT)

Posted by FatDBA on March 2, 2018

Hi Everyone,

Would like to discuss about one of the request came from my earlier projects to identify sensitive data (Tables, objects etc.) within their databases so that external policies can be enforced later on, but the customer only permitted us to use any inbuilt or Oracle branded audit tool and not any third party security/compliance auditing tools.

And then we landed to use Oracle In-Built database security assessment tool name as DBSAT.
DBSAT has three components: Collector, Reporter, and Discoverer. Collector and Reporter work together to discover risk areas and produce reports on those risk areas and produces the final assessment report in HTML and CSV formats.
You can use DBSAT report findings to:

– Fix immediate short-term risks
– Implement a comprehensive security strategy
– Support your regulatory compliance program
– Promote security best practices

Lets see what it is and how to use it.

Step 1: Unzip the package.

[oracle@dixitlab software]$ unzip dbsat.zip
Archive: dbsat.zip
inflating: dbsat
inflating: dbsat.bat
inflating: sat_reporter.py
inflating: sat_analysis.py
inflating: sat_collector.sql
inflating: xlsxwriter/app.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_area.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_bar.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_column.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_doughnut.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_line.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_pie.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_radar.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_scatter.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chartsheet.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/chart_stock.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/comments.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/compat_collections.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/compatibility.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/contenttypes.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/core.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/custom.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/drawing.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/format.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/__init__.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/packager.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/relationships.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/shape.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/sharedstrings.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/styles.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/table.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/theme.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/utility.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/vml.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/workbook.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/worksheet.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/xmlwriter.py
inflating: xlsxwriter/LICENSE.txt
inflating: Discover/bin/discoverer.jar
inflating: Discover/lib/ojdbc6.jar
inflating: Discover/conf/sample_dbsat.config
inflating: Discover/conf/sensitive_en.ini

Step 2: Configure the ‘dbsat configuration’ file.
Next you have to configre the main config file (dbsat.config) available under Discover/conf directory.

[oracle@dixitlab conf]$ pwd
/home/oracle/software/Discover/conf

[oracle@dixitlab conf]$ ls -ltrh
total 20K
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 oracle oinstall 13K Jan 16 22:58 sensitive_en.ini
-rwxrwxrwx. 1 oracle oinstall 2.4K Mar 1 22:12 dbsat.config

Few of the important parameters are given below.
vi dbsat.config

DB_HOSTNAME = localhost
DB_PORT = 1539
DB_SERVICE_NAME =tunedb
SENSITIVE_PATTERN_FILES = sensitive_en.ini >>>>> This param users sensitive_en.ini file for the English language patterns, which contains 75 patterns
ex: CREDIT_CARD_NUMBER, CARD_SECURITY_PIN, MEDICAL_INFORMATION, SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER etc.

 

Step 3: Run the discoverer against the database to collect the information.

[oracle@dixitlab software]$ $(dirname $(dirname $(readlink -f $(which javac))))    --- To check the JAVAHOME.
-bash: /usr/java/jdk1.8.0_131: is a directory
[oracle@dixitlab software]$ export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_131

[oracle@dixitlab conf]$ cd ../..
[oracle@dixitlab software]$ ./dbsat discover -c Discover/conf/sample_dbsat.config tunedb_data

Database Security Assessment Tool version 2.0.1 (December 2017)

This tool is intended to assist in you in securing your Oracle database
system. You are solely responsible for your system and the effect and
results of the execution of this tool (including, without limitation,
any damage or data loss). Further, the output generated by this tool may
include potentially sensitive system configuration data and information
that could be used by a skilled attacker to penetrate your system. You
are solely responsible for ensuring that the output of this tool,
including any generated reports, is handled in accordance with your
company's policies.

Enter username: system
Enter password:
Connection Successful- Retrying regarding "tunedb" as SID
DBSAT Discover ran successfully.
Calling /usr/bin/zip to encrypt the generated reports...

Enter password:
Verify password:
zip warning: tunedb_data_report.zip not found or empty
adding: tunedb_data_discover.html (deflated 88%)
adding: tunedb_data_discover.csv (deflated 84%)
Zip completed successfully.

We have the audit reports created under the tool directory.
Sample report attached with this report.

https://1drv.ms/f/s!Arob5fjpN041ga58isTgjF-wBPLI0A
tunedb_data – Oracle Database Security Risk Assessment

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Uncategorized | Tagged: , | Leave a Comment »

Some new features of Oracle Database 18c

Posted by FatDBA on February 28, 2018

Hey Everyone,

Today’s post is to discuss few of the new features (Small but nice) of the all new Oracle 18c (Not In depth) that i have tested.

0. Oracle Database 18c is the first version of the product to follow a yearly release pattern. Yup, that’s correct!

1. Read Only Oracle Home (ROOH)
Yes, finally we have the RO Oracle Homes.

2. Columnar Format Exadata Flash Cache Enhancements
With Oracle Database 18c we now support accessing non-HCC objects in the Exadata Flash cache in full Database In-Memory columnar format. In 12.2 this was restricted to just HCC objects.

3. Scalable Sequences
A scalable sequence is particularly efficient when used to generate unordered primary or unique keys for data ingestion workloads having high level of concurrency. Scalable sequences significantly reduce the sequence and index block contention.

4. Converting Normal or High Redundancy Disk Groups to Flex Disk Groups without Restricted Mount
You can convert a conventional disk group (disk group created before Oracle Database18c) to an Oracle ASM flex disk group without using the restrictive mount (MOUNTED RESTRICTED) option.

5. ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL SQL
Another way to kill/cancel a SQL in a session.
The syntax would be like …

ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL SQL ‘SID, SERIAL[, @INST_ID][, SQL_ID]’;
e.g. ALTER SYSTEM CANCEL SQL ‘448, 98175, @1, 761hchah78addfj’;

6. The default value of PARALLEL_THREADS_PER_CPU is finally set 1 as default!
PARALLEL_THREADS_PER_CPU describes the number of parallel execution processes or threads that a CPU can handle during parallel execution. Good Move! 🙂

7. For users of Exadata and Real Application Clusters (RAC), Oracle Database 18c brings changes that will enable a significant reduction in the amount of undo that needs to be transferred across the interconnect. It achieves this by using RDMA, over the Infiniband connection, to access the undo blocks in the remote instance. This feature combined with a local commit cache significantly improves the throughput of some OLTP workloads when running on top of RAC.

8. 18c Authenticate and authorize Oracle users directly with Microsoft Active Directory

9. New Oracle Spatial features in Oracle Database 18c include distributed transactions, sharding, easier to use web services admin console.

 

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Basics | Tagged: , | Leave a Comment »

Visualize your database performance statistics using Tableau.

Posted by FatDBA on January 28, 2018

Hi Everyone,

Today’s post is all about producing some interactive data visualizations your system/database statistics using one of the most popular BI tool Tableau.
There are lot’s of other tools which can be used for your data analysis i.e. Excel, Microstrategy Analytics, Domo, QlikView but i always find Tableau easiest way to do such things, specially during all my database audit, 360 health reviews and troubleshooting task-forces.

Tableau offers a suite of tools that include an online, desktop and server version. All of these versions provide a easy-to-use drag and drop interface that can help you quickly turn your data into business insights. Like many other data analytics and visualization tools, Tableau can connect to local or remote data of many different formats.

Okay now after that short introduction of the tool, time to do some tests using the tool.
I have divided process in to three step activity and are discussed below.

First: Data Collection
You can collect your AWR reports in TEXT format and which will be later on parsed to create a CSV file.
There are many tools/scripts available online to generate multiple AWR reports of your database. I see an awesome work was already done by FlashDBA (Download). You can use his script to generate batch AWR reports and yes in TEXT format ONLY!

Example:

[oracle@dixitlab AWR]$ ls -ltr
total 12852
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 225031 Jan 27 21:25 awrrpt_1_445_446.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 255010 Jan 27 21:26 awrrpt_1_446_447.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 253217 Jan 27 21:26 awrrpt_1_447_448.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 253217 Jan 27 21:26 awrrpt_1_448_449.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 oracle oinstall 244229 Jan 27 21:26 awrrpt_1_449_450.txt
........
.................

Second: Data Fold or Compression.
Now next you need a tool to fold your AWR reports in to a CSV. Here once again FlashDBA did a marvelous job, he wrote one fabulous script to parse your AWR text files and generate a final AWR report.
You can download the script from his Github (Download Link)

As far as the script, you need to pass the format of your files and direct output to a CSV as shown below.

[oracle@dixitlab AWR]$ ./awr-parser.sh awr*.txt > tunedbperftests.csv

Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_445_446.txt at 2018-01-27 21:32:49
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_446_447.txt at 2018-01-27 21:32:53
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_447_448.txt at 2018-01-27 21:32:56
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_448_449.txt at 2018-01-27 21:33:01
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_449_450.txt at 2018-01-27 21:33:07
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_450_451.txt at 2018-01-27 21:33:15
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_451_452.txt at 2018-01-27 21:33:21
....
........
Info : Parsing file awrrpt_1_499_500.txt at 2018-01-27 21:36:56
Info : No more files found
Info :
Info : ______SUMMARY______
Info : Files found : 55
Info : Files processed : 55
Info : Processing errors : 0
Info :
Info : Completed with 0 errors
[oracle@dixitlab AWR]$

With that you are done with the parsing of reports and have got the final CSV which we will be using to play around within Tableau.
Contents inside the parsed file.

Filename	Database Name	Instance Number	Instance Name	Database Version	Cluster	Hostname	Host OS	Num CPUs	Server Memory (GB)	DB Block Size	Begin Snap	Begin Time	End Snap	End Time	Elapsed Time (mins)	DB Time (mins)	Average Active Sessions	Busy Flag	Logical Reads/sec
awrrpt_1_445_446.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	445	1/26/2018 21:57	446	1/26/2018 23:00	62.24	6.33	0.1	N	2629.5
awrrpt_1_446_447.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	446	1/26/2018 23:00	447	1/27/2018 0:00	60.19	12.18	0.2	N	13973.4
awrrpt_1_447_448.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	447	1/27/2018 0:00	448	1/27/2018 1:00	60.15	13.52	0.2	N	14055.8
awrrpt_1_448_449.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	448	1/27/2018 1:00	449	1/27/2018 2:00	60.15	10.13	0.1	N	11597.4
awrrpt_1_449_450.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	449	1/27/2018 2:00	450	1/27/2018 3:00	60.16	0.03	0	N	65.4
awrrpt_1_450_451.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	450	1/27/2018 3:00	451	1/27/2018 4:00	60.12	0.02	0	N	70.3
awrrpt_1_452_453.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	452	1/27/2018 5:00	453	1/27/2018 6:00	60.13	0.69	0	N	189.8
awrrpt_1_453_454.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	453	1/27/2018 6:00	454	1/27/2018 7:00	60.13	2.88	0	N	2439.1
awrrpt_1_454_455.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	454	1/27/2018 7:00	455	1/27/2018 8:00	60.14	12.57	0.2	N	14027.3
awrrpt_1_455_456.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	455	1/27/2018 8:00	456	1/27/2018 9:00	60.14	10.11	0.1	N	13916.6
awrrpt_1_456_457.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	456	1/27/2018 9:00	457	1/27/2018 10:00	60.14	10.26	0.1	N	13941.5
awrrpt_1_457_458.txt	TUNEDB	PRIMARY	tunedb	EE	1	dixitlab.localdo	Linux x86 64-bit	1	2.77	8K	457	1/27/2018 10:00	458	1/27/2018 10:50	50.25	18.67	0.3	N	14118.9

Third: Data Representation using Tableau.
Okay so here we have the final parsed CSV of all those TEXT AWR reports named ‘tunedbperftests.csv’ and we are ready to play around and learn.

Immediately after launching you will see couple of options available for Data Sources on the left. Choose TEXT as the source and browse the CSV to load.

Next you will see all rows of your data source (tunedbperftests.csv in our case) file.

Next click on Worksheet, your personal area to play.

Tableau then divides the data in two main types: dimensions and measures. Dimensions are usually those fields that cannot be aggregated; measures, as its name suggests, are those fields that can be measured, aggregated, or used for mathematical operations. Dimension fields are usually used for row or column headings; measures are usually used for plotting or giving values to the sizes of markers.

             

Next tab is for Analytical functions, i.e. If you want to add a constant, average, mean, median averages or any reference lines to your graph/chart.

All good now, so we all all set yto plot out performance charts for that DB historical information that we have collected in the form of CSV and loaded to Tableau. Lets, plot for average hard parse per/second, Average DB Time, Average Pareses, Average Transactions happened against Time (Hourly rate of BEGIN TIME as a measure).

So, using above Area Graph you have plotted the average metric usages on the database during a time period.

Next, i will visualize one of the most prominent db wait event observed in the database during the probe (data collection) period ‘DPR’ or ‘Direct Path Reads’ and will plot the Bar graph against the TIME (Hourly BEGIN TIME).

Some more stats visualisations, this time ‘top 5 waits‘ and their hourly frequency.

There are lot’s of other things that you can do with your statistics, i mean you can plot your data in the form of Square, side by side circle, polygon, pie char, polygons, gantt bar, line graph, area graphs, box-and-whisker plots, highlight tables and many more.

So, imagine and you can visualize your database statistics using Tableau!

Questions are welcome. Happy reading! 🙂 🙂

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Advanced, troubleshooting | Tagged: , , | Leave a Comment »

AAS or Average Number Of Active Sessions – The first thing to look in an AWR & its Uses.

Posted by FatDBA on January 27, 2018

Hi All,

Today’s post is all about answering the question ‘What is the very first thing that one should look out for in an AWR report ?‘. I have got this question so many times in the past about the first statistic i prefer to look at when troubleshooting a performance problem so though of answering this by writing this post with some real-time examples.

And the answer is ‘AAS‘ or ‘Average Number of Active Sessions’ is the first thing that i always look out for while reading AWR reports because It gives you a quick idea about how busy the system is and about the workload happening.

Okay so first lets understand what is an ‘Active Session’ : In simple words It is a session currently spending time in the database (i.e. from v$session where status=’ACTIVE’).
Now, what exactly is AAS – It’s the ratio or rate of change of DB time over clock time. The value of this metric is calculated by using a standard formula of (DB Time/Elapsed Time).

Lets calculate the value for one of the system.

Host Name	        Platform	       CPUs   
dixitLab1.fatdba.com	Linux x86 64-bit	16

AAS In this case : 1024.72/60.04 => 17.067 of average active sessions during the snap interval of an hour.

Let’s further decode the magical Figures of AAS.
We always use CPU Count as a standard for comparing the AAS. Few rule of thumbs while doing this comparison are give below.
– If the AAS is higher than the number of CPU you have then there is a problem. i.e In above example we have an AAS value of 17 and CPU
count 16, hence we could have performance problems and needs investigation.
– If the value is very high than the number of CPUs then there is a choke-point in the database.

You could also use the AAS to plot your graphs, lines and Manhattan’s as one of the axis to compare it with CPU consumption and quickly pin point the pain areas and time slots. Let understand and use it through a scenario.

Assume one fine day you got a call from monitoring team that they have observed huge spikes in system resource usage and many of the other metrics set on the dashboard are in red. And as usual lot’s of fingers and eyes started pointing towards you and the DBA team.

Now you as a DBA quickly generated the AWR for that specific time frame to understand the system behavior and performance and observed a huge workload is happening on the database with AAS of 305 (For a 2 Node RAC database with 128 CPUs collectively) and some huge peaks for Application class (i.e. row lock contentions etc.), User IO classified waits (i.e. DBF Sequential Reads, read by other session etc.) and some Network class waits (i.e SQL*Net message from dblink waits) in your database.

Now you want to understand the trend for wait classes for the database during last few days. Here you can use DBA_HIST_ACTIVE_SESSION_HISTORY view to collect historical statistics for the database which you will use to plot charts using excel, tableau etc.

I have collected similar stats using ASH view and have plotted a graph using few of my data representation tools to understand this transient variation in system performance.

Here you see a sudden spike in DB wait Classes (Specially User IO, Cluster, Application and Network) on March 5th with average number of active sessions (AAS) stacked for both of RAC nodes was close around 305. Which if compare it with number of total CPUs (64+64=128) is extremely high.

After further investigation you understand that it’s application class wait ‘enq: TX – row lock contention‘ which is the primary cause of this high system resources utilization.

Below graph is a representation of AAS Waiting on Application class event ‘enq: TX – row lock contention’ per Instance on the database where we can the same happening. A constant then a sudden raise in row locking contentions.

And you have identified the major sources contributing towards this row locking during the probe period of last 7 days till now. You can do a join on dba_hist_active_sess_history and dba_hist_snapshot to get this historical information — Read my previous article on how to get this past information from AWR repository.

Now when you have narrowed down the problem and have identified the problematic SQLs with their total contribution, you can now start the query optimization/tuning to fix the issue.
There are lot of other data representations you can do by using AAS as one of the graph axis i.e. AAS on CPU and Top Wait Events and will discuss in my further posts.

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Advanced, troubleshooting | Tagged: , , | 2 Comments »

Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd % – Lets clear the Perplex!

Posted by FatDBA on January 26, 2018

Happy Republic Day!

 

Hi Mates,

I see a lot of confusion, mix-ups and perplexity in between the DBAs on few of the metrics under ‘Instance Efficiency % section’ in AWR reports. Specially for one of the metric “Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd %”. In today’s post i will try to explain the metrics in detail which will help you to understand it in depth and clear the muddiness.

Few of the lines you might have read about this metric i.e.
“we should always look for as low as possible numbers for this metric …”
“Try to achieve the impossible value of zero for this one “
– Even some of the Metalink notes are misleading too.

Scenario:

Below is the snippet from one of my test box.

Note: Just taking a look at the instance efficiency ratios can be very dangerous and i advise to first start with Load Profile, top 5 waits and there on …

Okay, so my definition of this statistic differ from what you judge after reading the name of the metric – This datum signals the delay/wait in parsing of SQL queries during the snap interval.
In our example the value is 1.37% this means that for every CPU second spend parsing we spent about 72.99 (100/1.37) Seconds of clock time. It can happen due to various reasons i.e Latch or any contention between the sessions etc.

The ideal value for this stat should also be 100% like rest of the ratios (Yes, that’s correct!!).

Let’s see how this value was calculated, what all it considers while deducing that final figure of 1.37%.
It takes the “parse time cpu/parse time elapsed * 100” to get the ‘Parse CPU to Parse Elapsed’ figure.

 

Statistic	                              Total	per Second     per Trans
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
parse time cpu                                  398	      0.11	0.01
parse time elapsed                           29,055	      8.07	0.81

 

So, in short each time there is a drop in this metric from 100%, means the database was waiting for something which slowed down the parse times.
If you want to dig in deep then you should trace the session using 10046 tracing with level 8 to see where the other % of parse time is being spent and leaving this for readers to test.

 

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

Posted in Advanced, troubleshooting | Tagged: , , | Leave a Comment »

Shared Pool Management in 12c, What’s new!

Posted by FatDBA on January 17, 2018

Hi Everyone,

Few days while working on Shared Pool issue where we were getting ORA-4031 on one of the 11gR2 database i discovered something interesting and new regarding the SGA duration management. Here i wont discuss the problem that i faced and how we fixed but would try to show the architectural changes that has happened with 12c that can now fix these errors/issues.

Let me explain what are ‘Durations’ first. The shared pool is made up of a number of granules. The shared pool then split into sub-pools if you have a large enough SGA, and each sub-pool consists of a number of non-overlapping granules. In 11g each sub-pool also split into four sub-sub-pools known as durations.

What was there before 12c arrived —
Starting from Oracle 10g each sub-pool in SGA was divided in to four durations.
Let’s check the distribution by generating the Heap Dump for shared pool, here i used oradebug with level 2 (This provides you the full SGA Summary or you can try with level 2050 to get full summary with contents).

SQL> oradebug setmypid
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug dump heapdump 2
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name
/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/orcl_ora_8127.trc

.....
******************************************************
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,0)"  desc=380030610
Total heap size    =218102664
Total free space   =  1066928
Total reserved free space   =  8439520
Unpinned space     = 38812528  rcr=11971 trn=17906
Permanent space    =208595160
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,1)"  desc=380031e68
Total heap size    = 67108512
Total free space   =  2912528
Total reserved free space   =  1382816
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,2)"  desc=3800336c0
Total heap size    =167771280
Total free space   = 92743480
Total reserved free space   =  3852856
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,3)"  desc=380034f18
Total heap size    =268434048
Total free space   = 74547592
Total reserved free space   = 13497472
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(2,0)"  desc=380039e38
Total heap size    =201325536
Total free space   =    17200
Total reserved free space   =  8435920
Unpinned space     = 26474112  rcr=7934 trn=8094
Permanent space    =192871456
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(2,1)"  desc=38003b690
Total heap size    = 83885640
Total free space   = 48723768
Total reserved free space   =  1035792
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(2,2)"  desc=38003cee8
Total heap size    =369096816
Total free space   =258674312
Total reserved free space   = 16982464
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(2,3)"  desc=38003e740
Total heap size    =218102664
Total free space   = 17202608
Total reserved free space   = 10966696
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(3,0)"  desc=380043660
Total heap size    =184548408
Total free space   =    13008
Total reserved free space   =  5061928
Unpinned space     = 26943408  rcr=4930 trn=9425
Permanent space    =179472608
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(3,1)"  desc=380044eb8
Total heap size    = 67108512
Total free space   = 27568352
Total reserved free space   =     4744
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(3,2)"  desc=380046710
Total heap size    =352319688
Total free space   =233302736
Total reserved free space   = 15981216
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(3,3)"  desc=380047f68
Total heap size    =385873944
Total free space   =143746536
Total reserved free space   = 19402616
Unpinned space     =        0  rcr=0 trn=0
Permanent space    =        0
.....
******************************************************

So above stats shows that we have three sub-pools [Sub pool (1,0), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3) ….. (3,0), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3)] of SGA Heaps with Four Durations each heap. And every duration has its own size, free space and reserved free space. This type of distribution possibly causes the ORA 4031 even when you have enough free space in other durations and this is what the actual cause in my earlier case, but here we won’t discuss how we fixed that.

Okay so now lets do the same with 12c database. Lets generate the Heap Dump for SGA in 12c database and see the distributions of durations here. Once again we will use the oradebug to dump heapdump with Level 2.

SQL> oradebug setmypid
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug dump heapdump 2
Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug tracefile_name
/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/tunedb/tunedb/trace/tunedb_ora_11054.trc


******************************************************
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,0)"  desc=0x60103678
 extent sz=0xfe0 alt=304 het=32767 rec=9 flg=0x82 opc=0
 parent=(nil) owner=(nil) nex=(nil) xsz=0x1000000 heap=(nil)
 fl2=0x24, nex=(nil), idx=1, dsxvers=1, dsxflg=0x0
 dsx first ext=0x73000000
 dsx empty ext bytes=0  subheap rc link=0x730000c0,0x730000c0

******************************************************
HEAP DUMP heap name="sga heap(1,3)"  desc=0x60107f80
 extent sz=0xfe0 alt=304 het=32767 rec=9 flg=0x82 opc=0
 parent=(nil) owner=(nil) nex=(nil) xsz=0x1000000 heap=(nil)
 fl2=0x24, nex=(nil), idx=1, dsxvers=1, dsxflg=0x0
 dsx first ext=0x7e000000
 dsx empty ext bytes=0  subheap rc link=0x7e0000c0,0x7e0000c0

Alright, so here we only have two groups of SGA durations – ‘Sub pool 1, duration 0’ and ‘Sub Pool 1 duration 3’ for improved sharability and to avoid ORA 4031 errors.

Hope It helps
Prashant Dixit

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How to troubleshoot, understand HW events & measure performance using PERF (Linux Profiler)! – Part 2

Posted by FatDBA on January 13, 2018

Repeat: I think I’ve mistakenly deleted the post, so re-posting the same.

Hey Folks,

Back with second edition of my previous post on troubleshooting performance issues using Linux in-built profiler named ‘perf’. Many of the users requested to write about few use cases situations on when and how to use this tool.

So, this post is all about discussing some cases that i have faced while working on few performance tuning projects and few of them are from the tests that I’ve performed on my Lab systems.

Okay coming back to the reason on why we need this, perf i mean ?
The answer is sometimes Oracle wait interface is not enough and you need to dig deeper inside the system to understand the problem. That point you have to use some third party, in-built dedicated tools for performance investigation. There perf might help you to understand what your resource intensive query is doing on OS layers.
So, using the tool you can monitor your process on what’s its doing!

And in case if you are using perf on Virtualised system, you might get error “perf.data file has no samples“.
In order to fix it try with “-e cpu-clock” arguments to collect the sample data and then interpret the file.

Okay so one fine day, you saw a spike in server’s CPU consumption using TOP, Oratop, OEM, Scheduled scripts or by any possible monitoring techniques and you have identified the process and its other attributes.
Using the PID you have reached the SID, SQL_ID, SQL_TEXT and other statistics. So now you might want to analyze and understand the oracle’s execution.

 
Global Information
------------------------------
 Status              :  EXECUTING
 Instance ID         :  1
 Session             :  DIXIT (1:53089)
 SQL ID              :  71aa5ju8pwtf2
 SQL Execution ID    :  16777216
 Execution Started   :  01/09/2018 06:10:32
 First Refresh Time  :  01/09/2018 06:10:32
 Last Refresh Time   :  01/09/2018 06:13:03
 Duration            :  152s
 Module/Action       :  SQL*Plus/-
 Service             :  SYS$USERS
 Program             :  sqlplus@dixitlab.localdomain (TNS V1-V3)

Global Stats
========================================================
| Elapsed |   Cpu   |    IO    | Buffer | Read | Read  |
| Time(s) | Time(s) | Waits(s) |  Gets  | Reqs | Bytes |
========================================================
|     163 |     150 |      115 |     5M | 648K |   5GB |
========================================================

SQL Plan Monitoring Details (Plan Hash Value=12102956)
===================================================================================================================================================================
| Id   |      Operation       | Name |  Rows   | Cost  |   Time    | Start  | Execs |   Rows   | Read | Read  | Activity |       Activity Detail       | Progress |
|      |                      |      | (Estim) |       | Active(s) | Active |       | (Actual) | Reqs | Bytes |   (%)    |         (# samples)         |          |
===================================================================================================================================================================
| -> 0 | SELECT STATEMENT     |      |         |       |       150 |     +2 |     1 |        0 |      |       |          |                             |          |
| -> 1 |   SORT AGGREGATE     |      |       1 |       |       150 |     +2 |     1 |        0 |      |       |          |                             |          |
| -> 2 |    TABLE ACCESS FULL | T294 |   96523 | 56397 |       151 |     +1 |     1 |      306 | 648K |   5GB |    99.34 | Cpu (69)                    |      31% |
|      |                      |      |         |       |           |        |       |          |      |       |          | db file sequential read (6) |          |
|      |                      |      |         |       |           |        |       |          |      |       |          | direct path read (126)      |          |
===================================================================================================================================================================

Above results points to high CPU Time (150 Seconds). Now to look more deeper in to things and to understand what exactly the session is doing.

[root@dixitlab ~]#  perf top -e cpu-clock -p 3505 

   PerfTop:     349 irqs/sec  kernel:42.7%  exact:  0.0% [1000Hz cpu-clock],  (target_pid: 3505)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

             samples  pcnt function                    DSO
             _______ _____ ___________________________ __________________________________________________

             1981.00 46.2% _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore [kernel.kallsyms]
              906.00 21.1% _intel_fast_memcmp          /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
              270.00  6.3% kole_simple_string_match    /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle 
               96.00  2.2% copy_user_generic_unrolled  [kernel.kallsyms]
               96.00  2.2% kcbgtcr                     /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               54.00  1.3% __intel_new_memset          /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle 
               37.00  0.9% __intel_ssse3_rep_memcpy    /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               30.00  0.7% kghfrf                      /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               28.00  0.7% kghalf                      /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               27.00  0.6% kcbldio                     /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               24.00  0.6% kdxbrs1                     /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               24.00  0.6% kspgvc                      /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle
               21.00  0.5% kksMapCursor                /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0/dbhome_1/bin/oracle

Results shows system was mostly busy processing kernel calls (kernel.kallsyms) and its function ‘_raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore‘ with 46% of its time spend using CPU cycles. It’s coming with huge overhead and with large samples and in general irq_restore shows up because re-enabling interrupts is costly, but this is not the real CPU consumption but is how the tool, Interrupt and system works in few of the Virtual systems – I was testing it on my Lab VM.

Here i would like to thank Tanel Poder for reviewing the document and highlighting the issue with the perf top command when executed inside a VM environment.

“…… perf top that concluded _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore taking lots of CPU time. I’ve been through this myself in past – and this is likely not actual CPU usage but rather how perf, OS and interrupts work in some VMs (basically measurement bias/errors by these tools). I assume that you tested in a VM? ……..“

Next in the list is function/object ‘_intel_fast_memcmp‘ called by oracle with 21.1% which i believe is for fast memory compilations.

So the conclusion of the analysis:
Most of the CPU by process was spend processing kernel calls and for for fast memory compilations.

Purpose Revisit: This gives you a glimpse of what happens with the process calls and monitors a cpu-bound, database process is pass its time.

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

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Using Flame Graphs to analyze performance & workloads: Part 1

Posted by FatDBA on January 13, 2018

Hi Guys,

Now after my last two posts on Perf tool/profiler, i guess this the right time to move ahead with interpretation on stack trace data.
Back with another post, this time as promised about ‘Flame Graphs’!
So, would like to first start with the very standard question – Why, what this Flame Graphs are ?

Flame Graphs is tool developed by Kernel/System Performance maestro Brendan Gregg to project or visualize strack traces for both user/all processes and kernel-level stacks for CPU, Off-CPU etc. You can use it on stacks/traces collected by various profiler i.e. perf, Dtrace, SystemTap etc.

In this post we will be using PERF for statistics collection and project them using Flame Graphs and will understand the complexity and the code paths of many Oracle’s internal functions. This being the very first edition for this subject we will start with basics and will first discuss about CPU graphs and try to understand why and where CPUs are busy using stack traces and identify hot code-paths.This can be a really helpful tool for fast identification of performance problems where conventional oracle performance tools failed.

Okay, let’s jump on how you will do it. First you have to download the toolkit (Download Link)
This tool generates results in SVG format using below three steps.

  • Stats Collection using any of the profiler e.g. Perf, Dtrace, Systemtap etc.
  • Compress or Fold your stats
  • Finally use the core (flamegraph.pl) script to generate the SVG file.

Okay, so now after enough description on tool, let’s start out first case – “CPU Flame Graphs for an expensive SQL Statement”.

Scenario: We have a resource intensive query “COUNT on one of the big table “ running from session with SPID 19280
So, we will be collecting process strack traces while the SQL statement was in run.

SQL> explain plan for select count(*) from dwh.**********_*** where ****TIMESTAMP > '23-JUN-16' and ******KEY > 789999999;

Explained.

SQL> SELECT * FROM TABLE(dbms_xplan.display);

PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 1112565023

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id  | Operation          | Name                | Rows  | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time     |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   0 | SELECT STATEMENT   |                     |     1 |    14 |  2604K  (1)| 08:40:53 |
|   1 |  SORT AGGREGATE    |                     |     1 |    14 |            |          |
|*  2 |   TABLE ACCESS FULL| **************_**** |    39M|   524M|  2604K  (1)| 08:40:53 |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------

   2 - filter("*****KEY">789999999 AND "*****TIMESTAMP">'23-JUN-16')

14 rows selected.

SQL>

Now collecting perf statistics for the process at low-frequency of 997 Hertz.

[root@dselimw5862 perftest]# perf record -a -g -F997 -p 19280 

perf record: Woken up 3926 times to write data ]
[ perf record: Captured and wrote 981.809 MB perf.data (9751081 samples) ]

This will create perf data file under the same directory.

[root@dselimw5862 perftest]# ls -ltrh
-rw-------. 1 root root 982M Jan 12 14:58 perf.data

Next, collapse the stacks using below

[root@dselimw5862 perftest]# /root/perftest/FlameGraph-master/stackcollapse-perf.pl

Finally, time to render the SVG file.

[root@dselimw5862 perftest]# /root/perftest/FlameGraph-master/flamegraph.pl --title "Flame Graph: Selective data search on dwh.W6AUDITHISTORY_FULL Table" > ImageAuditHistory.svg

Let’s open the SVG file in browser and see what’s it’s got!

Important Note: The x-axis reflects stack profile population, and the y-axis represents the stack depth

Here you will see many of the familiar Oracle specific functions/processes opiodr, opitsk, opiino, opidrv etc.
Okay so, If you take a look at the map, you will see few of the Linux processes spawned first which called Oracle Internal functions next which moved to the query execution (i.e SELECT FETCH -> GROUP BY SORT -> TABLE ACCESS) and then to other functions. For example you can see the execution time during the sampling was spent in kdstf0100101000km functions which was called by kdsttgr which is Kernel Data Scan Table Get Row.

So, now question ‘Which function is on CPU the most ??‘
The top edge shows who is on CPU directly, copy_user_generic_unrolled function which is used when there is no optimization on CPU level.
Remember Flame Graphs follows ancestry, means copy_user_generic_unrolled was called by __pread_nocancel and __pread_nocancel was called by ksfd_skgfqio and which called … and then it points to …

Next look little above from the bottom of the graph with three functions __libc_start_main, __pread_nocancel and kaf4reasrp1km. If we visually compare them it is clear that __pread_nocancel function was running more often than other two. We see one of the linux function __pread_nocancel() was sampled a lot during the query execution and found repeated 2 times in the graph. This is used by libc when a cancellation point (a POSIX threads concept) is not permitted.

In Short: So, the Flame Graphs might help you when you have a problem in hand ‘My Production Database had poor performance”.
It was a heavy CPU consumer, so i used to CPU profiler to see WHY ? – But do you thing reading those lengthy, messy, long, raw traces that easy. So, here at this point there is a need of some data representation tool to capture the problems and sources and to visualize them. Here comes Flame Graphs to picture, The hero! It also gives you flexibility to move your cursor to any of the object to understand how much percent the object was present during the sample time.

Well, in later editions for this subject i will try to cover more scenarios. The sole purpose of this post is to give audience an idea, a gist of the topic.

Hope It Helps
Prashant Dixit

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